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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>16.3. thread — Multiple threads of control — Python v2.6.6 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.6.6', COLLAPSE_MODINDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="16. 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Optional Operating System Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-thread"> <h1>16.3. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread</span></tt> — Multiple threads of control<a class="headerlink" href="#module-thread" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread</span></tt> module has been renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></tt> in Python 3.0. The <a class="reference external" href="../glossary.html#term-to3"><em class="xref">2to3</em></a> tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to 3.0; however, you should consider using the high-level <a title="Higher-level threading interface." class="reference external" href="threading.html#module-threading"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt></a> module instead.</p> </div> <p id="index-662">This module provides low-level primitives for working with multiple threads (also called <em>light-weight processes</em> or <em>tasks</em>) — multiple threads of control sharing their global data space. For synchronization, simple locks (also called <em>mutexes</em> or <em>binary semaphores</em>) are provided. The <a title="Higher-level threading interface." class="reference external" href="threading.html#module-threading"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt></a> module provides an easier to use and higher-level threading API built on top of this module.</p> <p id="index-663">The module is optional. It is supported on Windows, Linux, SGI IRIX, Solaris 2.x, as well as on systems that have a POSIX thread (a.k.a. “pthread”) implementation. For systems lacking the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread</span></tt> module, the <a title="Drop-in replacement for the thread module." class="reference external" href="dummy_thread.html#module-dummy_thread"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></tt></a> module is available. It duplicates this module’s interface and can be used as a drop-in replacement.</p> <p>It defines the following constant and functions:</p> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="thread.error"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raised on thread-specific errors.</dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="thread.LockType"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">LockType</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.LockType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is the type of lock objects.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.start_new_thread"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">start_new_thread</tt><big>(</big><em>function</em>, <em>args</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>kwargs</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.start_new_thread" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Start a new thread and return its identifier. The thread executes the function <em>function</em> with the argument list <em>args</em> (which must be a tuple). The optional <em>kwargs</em> argument specifies a dictionary of keyword arguments. When the function returns, the thread silently exits. When the function terminates with an unhandled exception, a stack trace is printed and then the thread exits (but other threads continue to run).</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.interrupt_main"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">interrupt_main</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.interrupt_main" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Raise a <a title="exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></a> exception in the main thread. A subthread can use this function to interrupt the main thread.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.exit"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">exit</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.exit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raise the <a title="exceptions.SystemExit" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemExit"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt></a> exception. When not caught, this will cause the thread to exit silently.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.allocate_lock"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">allocate_lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.allocate_lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a new lock object. Methods of locks are described below. The lock is initially unlocked.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.get_ident"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">get_ident</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.get_ident" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the ‘thread identifier’ of the current thread. This is a nonzero integer. Its value has no direct meaning; it is intended as a magic cookie to be used e.g. to index a dictionary of thread-specific data. Thread identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="thread.stack_size"> <tt class="descclassname">thread.</tt><tt class="descname">stack_size</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>size</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.stack_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The optional <em>size</em> argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive integer value of at least 32,768 (32kB). If changing the thread stack size is unsupported, the <a title="thread.error" class="reference internal" href="#thread.error"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">error</span></tt></a> exception is raised. If the specified stack size is invalid, a <a title="exceptions.ValueError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is raised and the stack size is unmodified. 32kB is currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee sufficient stack space for the interpreter itself. Note that some platforms may have particular restrictions on values for the stack size, such as requiring a minimum stack size > 32kB or requiring allocation in multiples of the system memory page size - platform documentation should be referred to for more information (4kB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information). Availability: Windows, systems with POSIX threads.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>Lock objects have the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="thread.lock.acquire"> <tt class="descclassname">lock.</tt><tt class="descname">acquire</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>waitflag</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.acquire" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Without the optional argument, this method acquires the lock unconditionally, if necessary waiting until it is released by another thread (only one thread at a time can acquire a lock — that’s their reason for existence). If the integer <em>waitflag</em> argument is present, the action depends on its value: if it is zero, the lock is only acquired if it can be acquired immediately without waiting, while if it is nonzero, the lock is acquired unconditionally as before. The return value is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if the lock is acquired successfully, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if not.</dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="thread.lock.release"> <tt class="descclassname">lock.</tt><tt class="descname">release</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.release" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Releases the lock. The lock must have been acquired earlier, but not necessarily by the same thread.</dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="thread.lock.locked"> <tt class="descclassname">lock.</tt><tt class="descname">locked</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.locked" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the status of the lock: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if it has been acquired by some thread, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if not.</dd></dl> <p>In addition to these methods, lock objects can also be used via the <a class="reference external" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt></a> statement, e.g.:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">thread</span> <span class="n">a_lock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">thread</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">allocate_lock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">a_lock</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"a_lock is locked while this executes"</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><strong>Caveats:</strong></p> <blockquote> </blockquote> <ul id="index-664"> <li><p class="first">Threads interact strangely with interrupts: the <a title="exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></a> exception will be received by an arbitrary thread. (When the <a title="Set handlers for asynchronous events." class="reference external" href="signal.html#module-signal"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal</span></tt></a> module is available, interrupts always go to the main thread.)</p> </li> <li><p class="first">Calling <a title="sys.exit" class="reference external" href="sys.html#sys.exit"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></tt></a> or raising the <a title="exceptions.SystemExit" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemExit"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt></a> exception is equivalent to calling <a title="thread.exit" class="reference internal" href="#thread.exit"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread.exit()</span></tt></a>.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">Not all built-in functions that may block waiting for I/O allow other threads to run. (The most popular ones (<a title="time.sleep" class="reference external" href="time.html#time.sleep"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">time.sleep()</span></tt></a>, <a title="file.read" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#file.read"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">file.read()</span></tt></a>, <a title="select.select" class="reference external" href="select.html#select.select"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.select()</span></tt></a>) work as expected.)</p> </li> <li><p class="first">It is not possible to interrupt the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">acquire()</span></tt> method on a lock — the <a title="exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></a> exception will happen after the lock has been acquired.</p> </li> <li id="index-665"><p class="first">When the main thread exits, it is system defined whether the other threads survive. On SGI IRIX using the native thread implementation, they survive. On most other systems, they are killed without executing <a class="reference external" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt></a> ... <a class="reference external" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt></a> clauses or executing object destructors.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">When the main thread exits, it does not do any of its usual cleanup (except that <a class="reference external" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt></a> ... <a class="reference external" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt></a> clauses are honored), and the standard I/O files are not flushed.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="threading.html" title="previous chapter">16.2. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> — Higher-level threading interface</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="dummy_threading.html" title="next chapter">16.4. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></tt> — Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> module</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/thread.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" size="18" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dummy_threading.html" title="16.4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="threading.html" title="16.2. threading — Higher-level threading interface" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="someos.html" >16. 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