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Optional Operating System Services — Python v2.6.6 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.6.6', COLLAPSE_MODINDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="The Python Standard Library" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion" href="select.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="15.15. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python" href="ctypes.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" accesskey="M">modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="select.html" title="16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ctypes.html" title="15.15. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="optional-operating-system-services"> <span id="someos"></span><h1>16. Optional Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on selected operating systems only. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces but they are available on some other systems as well (e.g. Windows or NT). Here’s an overview:</p> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="select.html">16.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></tt> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="select.html#polling-objects">16.1.2. Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="select.html#kqueue-objects">16.1.3. Kqueue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="select.html#kevent-objects">16.1.4. Kevent Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html">16.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> — Higher-level threading interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#thread-objects">16.2.1. Thread Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#lock-objects">16.2.2. Lock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#rlock-objects">16.2.3. RLock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#condition-objects">16.2.4. Condition Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#semaphore-objects">16.2.5. Semaphore Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#semaphore-example">16.2.5.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></tt> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#event-objects">16.2.6. Event Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#timer-objects">16.2.7. Timer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="threading.html#importing-in-threaded-code">16.2.9. Importing in threaded code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="thread.html">16.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread</span></tt> — Multiple threads of control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="dummy_threading.html">16.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></tt> — Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="dummy_thread.html">16.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></tt> — Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">thread</span></tt> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html">16.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></tt> — Process-based “threading” interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#introduction">16.6.1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">16.6.1.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></tt> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#reference">16.6.2. Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">16.6.2.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></tt> and exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">16.6.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">16.6.2.6. Shared <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></tt> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">16.6.2.6.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></tt> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.managers">16.6.2.7. Managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#namespace-objects">16.6.2.7.1. Namespace objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">16.6.2.7.2. Customized managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">16.6.2.7.3. Using a remote manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#cleanup">16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">16.6.2.9. Process Pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#address-formats">16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">16.6.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#logging">16.6.2.12. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">16.6.2.13. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></tt> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">16.6.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#all-platforms">16.6.3.1. All platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#windows">16.6.3.2. Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="multiprocessing.html#examples">16.6.4. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="mmap.html">16.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></tt> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="readline.html">16.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="readline.html#example">16.8.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="rlcompleter.html">16.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">16.9.1. 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