Edit File: shutil.html
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File and Directory Access</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-shutil"> <h1>10.10. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> — High-level file operations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-shutil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p id="index-548">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> module offers a number of high-level operations on files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the <a title="Miscellaneous operating system interfaces." class="reference external" href="os.html#module-os"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt></a> module.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> <p>Even the higher-level file copying functions (<a title="shutil.copy" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a>, <a title="shutil.copy2" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a>) can’t copy all file metadata.</p> <p class="last">On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used. This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams are not copied.</p> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copyfileobj"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copyfileobj</tt><big>(</big><em>fsrc</em>, <em>fdst</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>length</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copyfileobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Copy the contents of the file-like object <em>fsrc</em> to the file-like object <em>fdst</em>. The integer <em>length</em>, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative <em>length</em> value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory consumption. Note that if the current file position of the <em>fsrc</em> object is not 0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will be copied.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copyfile"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copyfile</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copyfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named <em>src</em> to a file named <em>dst</em>. <em>dst</em> must be the complete target file name; look at <a title="shutil.copy" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a> for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are the same files, <a title="shutil.Error" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> is raised. The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an <a title="exceptions.IOError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a> exception will be raised. If <em>dst</em> already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copymode"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copymode</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copymode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Copy the permission bits from <em>src</em> to <em>dst</em>. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copystat"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copystat</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copystat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from <em>src</em> to <em>dst</em>. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copy"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copy</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Copy the file <em>src</em> to the file or directory <em>dst</em>. If <em>dst</em> is a directory, a file with the same basename as <em>src</em> is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission bits are copied. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copy2"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copy2</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copy2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Similar to <a title="shutil.copy" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a>, but metadata is copied as well – in fact, this is just <a title="shutil.copy" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a> followed by <a title="shutil.copystat" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a>. This is similar to the Unix command <strong>cp -p</strong>.</dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.ignore_patterns"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">ignore_patterns</tt><big>(</big><em>*patterns</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for <a title="shutil.copytree" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>‘s <em>ignore</em> argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style <em>patterns</em> provided. See the example below.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.copytree"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copytree</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>symlinks=False</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ignore=None</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copytree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at <em>src</em>. The destination directory, named by <em>dst</em>, must not already exist; it will be created as well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are copied with <a title="shutil.copystat" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a>, individual files are copied using <a title="shutil.copy2" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>If <em>symlinks</em> is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree; if false or omitted, the contents of the linked files are copied to the new tree.</p> <p>If <em>ignore</em> is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its arguments the directory being visited by <a title="shutil.copytree" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>, and a list of its contents, as returned by <a title="os.listdir" class="reference external" href="os.html#os.listdir"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.listdir()</span></tt></a>. Since <a title="shutil.copytree" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a> is called recursively, the <em>ignore</em> callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy process. <a title="shutil.ignore_patterns" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore_patterns()</span></tt></a> can be used to create such a callable that ignores names based on glob-style patterns.</p> <p>If exception(s) occur, an <a title="shutil.Error" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> is raised with a list of reasons.</p> <p>The source code for this should be considered an example rather than the ultimate tool.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3: </span><a title="shutil.Error" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> is raised if any exceptions occur during copying, rather than printing a message.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Create intermediate directories needed to create <em>dst</em>, rather than raising an error. Copy permissions and times of directories using <a title="shutil.copystat" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added the <em>ignore</em> argument to be able to influence what is being copied.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.rmtree"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">rmtree</tt><big>(</big><em>path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ignore_errors</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>onerror</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.rmtree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-549">Delete an entire directory tree; <em>path</em> must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If <em>ignore_errors</em> is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by <em>onerror</em> or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.</p> <p>If <em>onerror</em> is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: <em>function</em>, <em>path</em>, and <em>excinfo</em>. The first parameter, <em>function</em>, is the function which raised the exception; it will be <a title="os.path.islink" class="reference external" href="os.path.html#os.path.islink"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path.islink()</span></tt></a>, <a title="os.listdir" class="reference external" href="os.html#os.listdir"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.listdir()</span></tt></a>, <a title="os.remove" class="reference external" href="os.html#os.remove"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.remove()</span></tt></a> or <a title="os.rmdir" class="reference external" href="os.html#os.rmdir"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.rmdir()</span></tt></a>. The second parameter, <em>path</em>, will be the path name passed to <em>function</em>. The third parameter, <em>excinfo</em>, will be the exception information return by <a title="sys.exc_info" class="reference external" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>. Exceptions raised by <em>onerror</em> will not be caught.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Explicitly check for <em>path</em> being a symbolic link and raise <a title="exceptions.OSError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OSError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">OSError</span></tt></a> in that case.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="shutil.move"> <tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">move</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.move" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Recursively move a file or directory to another location.</p> <p>If the destination is on the current filesystem, then simply use rename. Otherwise, copy src (with <a title="shutil.copy2" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a>) to the dst and then remove src.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="shutil.Error"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">Error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.Error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This exception collects exceptions that raised during a multi-file operation. For <a title="shutil.copytree" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples (<em>srcname</em>, <em>dstname</em>, <em>exception</em>).</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="example"> <span id="shutil-example"></span><h2>10.10.1. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This example is the implementation of the <a title="shutil.copytree" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a> function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">ignore</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ignored_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ignored_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">ignored_names</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="n">srcname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">dstname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">linkto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readlink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symlink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">linkto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">copy2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">why</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">why</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="c"># catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can</span> <span class="c"># continue with other files</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">copystat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">WindowsError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># can't copy file access times on Windows</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">why</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">why</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Another example that uses the <a title="shutil.ignore_patterns" class="reference internal" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore_patterns()</span></tt></a> helper:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore_patterns</span> <span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ignore_patterns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'*.pyc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'tmp*'</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This will copy everything except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></tt> files and files or directories whose name starts with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tmp</span></tt>.</p> <p>Another example that uses the <em>ignore</em> argument to add a logging call:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">copytree</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_logpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Working in </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c"># nothing will be ignored</span> <span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_logpath</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference external" href="#">10.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> — High-level file operations</a><ul> <li><a class="reference external" href="#example">10.10.1. 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