Edit File: internet.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>20. Internet Protocols and Support — Python v2.6.6 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.6.6', COLLAPSE_MODINDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="The Python Standard Library" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller" href="webbrowser.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="19.13. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" accesskey="M">modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="webbrowser.html" title="20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="xml.etree.elementtree.html" title="19.13. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="internet-protocols-and-support"> <span id="internet"></span><h1>20. Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <span class="target" id="index-405"></span><p id="index-406">The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a title="Low-level networking interface." class="reference external" href="socket.html#module-socket"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a>, which is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:</p> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="webbrowser.html">20.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></tt> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html">20.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></tt> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#introduction">20.2.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">20.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#higher-level-interface">20.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#old-classes">20.2.4. Old classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#functions">20.2.5. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#caring-about-security">20.2.6. Caring about security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">20.2.8. Testing your CGI script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">20.2.10. Common problems and solutions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="cgitb.html">20.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></tt> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html">20.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></tt> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">20.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></tt> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">20.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></tt> – WSGI response header tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">20.4.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></tt> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">20.4.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></tt> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">20.4.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></tt> – server/gateway base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="wsgiref.html#examples">20.4.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html">20.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></tt> — Open arbitrary resources by URL</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html#high-level-interface">20.5.1. High-level interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html#utility-functions">20.5.2. Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html#url-opener-objects">20.5.3. URL Opener objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html#urllib-restrictions">20.5.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></tt> Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib.html#examples">20.5.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html">20.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></tt> — extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#request-objects">20.6.1. Request Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#openerdirector-objects">20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#basehandler-objects">20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#proxyhandler-objects">20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httphandler-objects">20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httpshandler-objects">20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#filehandler-objects">20.6.16. FileHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#ftphandler-objects">20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#cacheftphandler-objects">20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#unknownhandler-objects">20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urllib2.html#examples">20.6.21. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="httplib.html">20.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">httplib</span></tt> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="httplib.html#httpconnection-objects">20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="httplib.html#httpresponse-objects">20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="httplib.html#examples">20.7.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="ftplib.html">20.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></tt> — FTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">20.8.1. FTP Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="poplib.html">20.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">poplib</span></tt> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">20.9.1. POP3 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">20.9.2. POP3 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="imaplib.html">20.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></tt> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">20.10.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="nntplib.html">20.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></tt> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="nntplib.html#nntp-objects">20.11.1. NNTP Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="smtplib.html">20.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></tt> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">20.12.1. SMTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">20.12.2. SMTP Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="smtpd.html">20.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></tt> — SMTP Server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">20.13.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="telnetlib.html">20.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></tt> — Telnet client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">20.14.1. Telnet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-example">20.14.2. Telnet Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="uuid.html">20.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uuid</span></tt> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="uuid.html#example">20.15.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="urlparse.html">20.16. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse</span></tt> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="urlparse.html#results-of-urlparse-and-urlsplit">20.16.1. Results of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html">20.17. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></tt> — A framework for network servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">20.17.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">20.17.2. Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#requesthandler-objects">20.17.3. RequestHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#examples">20.17.4. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">20.17.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SocketServer.TCPServer</span></tt> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">20.17.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SocketServer.UDPServer</span></tt> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="basehttpserver.html">20.18. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseHTTPServer</span></tt> — Basic HTTP server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="basehttpserver.html#more-examples">20.18.1. More examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="simplehttpserver.html">20.19. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SimpleHTTPServer</span></tt> — Simple HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="cgihttpserver.html">20.20. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPServer</span></tt> — CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html">20.21. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></tt> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#cookiepolicy-objects">20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#cookie-objects">20.21.5. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookielib.html#examples">20.21.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="cookie.html">20.22. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></tt> — HTTP state management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookie.html#cookie-objects">20.22.1. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookie.html#morsel-objects">20.22.2. Morsel Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="cookie.html#example">20.22.3. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html">20.23. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></tt> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#serverproxy-objects">20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#boolean-objects">20.23.2. Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#datetime-objects">20.23.3. DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#binary-objects">20.23.4. Binary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#fault-objects">20.23.5. Fault Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#protocolerror-objects">20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#multicall-objects">20.23.7. MultiCall Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#convenience-functions">20.23.8. Convenience Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-usage">20.23.9. Example of Client Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html">20.24. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span></tt> — Basic XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="docxmlrpcserver.html">20.25. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocXMLRPCServer</span></tt> — Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="docxmlrpcserver.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="docxmlrpcserver.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.25.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="xml.etree.elementtree.html" title="previous chapter">19.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></tt> — The ElementTree XML API</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="webbrowser.html" title="next chapter">20.1. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></tt> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/internet.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" size="18" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="webbrowser.html" title="20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="xml.etree.elementtree.html" title="19.13. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2011, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Jul 20, 2011. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 0.6.6. </div> </body> </html>
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