Edit File: email.parser.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>18.1.2. email: Parsing email messages — Python v2.6.6 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.6.6', COLLAPSE_MODINDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python v2.6.6 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="18.1. email — An email and MIME handling package" href="email.html" /> <link rel="next" title="18.1.3. email: Generating MIME documents" href="email.generator.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="18.1.1. email: Representing an email message" href="email.message.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" accesskey="M">modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.generator.html" title="18.1.3. email: Generating MIME documents" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.message.html" title="18.1.1. email: Representing an email message" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="netdata.html" >18. Internet Data Handling</a> »</li> <li><a href="email.html" accesskey="U">18.1. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> — An email and MIME handling package</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-email.parser"> <h1>18.1.2. <a title="Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents." class="reference external" href="email.html#module-email"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a>: Parsing email messages<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.parser" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>Message object structures can be created in one of two ways: they can be created from whole cloth by instantiating <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> objects and stringing them together via <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_payload()</span></tt> calls, or they can be created by parsing a flat text representation of the email message.</p> <p>The <a title="Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents." class="reference external" href="email.html#module-email"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package provides a standard parser that understands most email document structures, including MIME documents. You can pass the parser a string or a file object, and the parser will return to you the root <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> instance of the object structure. For simple, non-MIME messages the payload of this root object will likely be a string containing the text of the message. For MIME messages, the root object will return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> from its <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method, and the subparts can be accessed via the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">walk()</span></tt> methods.</p> <p>There are actually two parser interfaces available for use, the classic <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API and the incremental <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> API. The classic <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API is fine if you have the entire text of the message in memory as a string, or if the entire message lives in a file on the file system. <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> is more appropriate for when you’re reading the message from a stream which might block waiting for more input (e.g. reading an email message from a socket). The <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> can consume and parse the message incrementally, and only returns the root object when you close the parser <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a>.</p> <p>Note that the parser can be extended in limited ways, and of course you can implement your own parser completely from scratch. There is no magical connection between the <a title="Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents." class="reference external" href="email.html#module-email"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package’s bundled parser and the <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> class, so your custom parser can create message object trees any way it finds necessary.</p> <div class="section" id="feedparser-api"> <h2>18.1.2.1. FeedParser API<a class="headerlink" href="#feedparser-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> <p>The <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>, imported from the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.feedparser</span></tt> module, provides an API that is conducive to incremental parsing of email messages, such as would be necessary when reading the text of an email message from a source that can block (e.g. a socket). The <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> can of course be used to parse an email message fully contained in a string or a file, but the classic <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> API may be more convenient for such use cases. The semantics and results of the two parser APIs are identical.</p> <p>The <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>‘s API is simple; you create an instance, feed it a bunch of text until there’s no more to feed it, then close the parser to retrieve the root message object. The <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> is extremely accurate when parsing standards-compliant messages, and it does a very good job of parsing non-compliant messages, providing information about how a message was deemed broken. It will populate a message object’s <em>defects</em> attribute with a list of any problems it found in a message. See the <a title="The exception classes used by the email package." class="reference external" href="email.errors.html#module-email.errors"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></tt></a> module for the list of defects that it can find.</p> <p>Here is the API for the <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="email.parser.FeedParser"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.parser.</tt><tt class="descname">FeedParser</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>_factory</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> instance. Optional <em>_factory</em> is a no-argument callable that will be called whenever a new message object is needed. It defaults to the <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></tt></a> class.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="email.parser.FeedParser.feed"> <tt class="descname">feed</tt><big>(</big><em>data</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser.feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Feed the <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> some more data. <em>data</em> should be a string containing one or more lines. The lines can be partial and the <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> will stitch such partial lines together properly. The lines in the string can have any of the common three line endings, carriage return, newline, or carriage return and newline (they can even be mixed).</dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="email.parser.FeedParser.close"> <tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.FeedParser.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Closing a <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a> completes the parsing of all previously fed data, and returns the root message object. It is undefined what happens if you feed more data to a closed <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>.</dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="parser-class-api"> <h2>18.1.2.2. Parser class API<a class="headerlink" href="#parser-class-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class, imported from the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt> module, provides an API that can be used to parse a message when the complete contents of the message are available in a string or file. The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt> module also provides a second class, called <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> which can be used if you’re only interested in the headers of the message. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> can be much faster in these situations, since it does not attempt to parse the message body, instead setting the payload to the raw body as a string. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">HeaderParser</span></tt> has the same API as the <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class.</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="email.parser.Parser"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.parser.</tt><tt class="descname">Parser</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>_class</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The constructor for the <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class takes an optional argument <em>_class</em>. This must be a callable factory (such as a function or a class), and it is used whenever a sub-message object needs to be created. It defaults to <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> (see <a title="The base class representing email messages." class="reference external" href="email.message.html#module-email.message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></tt></a>). The factory will be called without arguments.</p> <p>The optional <em>strict</em> flag is ignored.</p> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.4: </span>Because the <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class is a backward compatible API wrapper around the new-in-Python 2.4 <a title="email.parser.FeedParser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.FeedParser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt></a>, <em>all</em> parsing is effectively non-strict. You should simply stop passing a <em>strict</em> flag to the <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> constructor.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was deprecated.</p> <p>The other public <a title="email.parser.Parser" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> methods are:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="email.parser.Parser.parse"> <tt class="descname">parse</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>headersonly</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Read all the data from the file-like object <em>fp</em>, parse the resulting text, and return the root message object. <em>fp</em> must support both the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt> and the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt> methods on file-like objects.</p> <p>The text contained in <em>fp</em> must be formatted as a block of <span class="target" id="index-318"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> style headers and header continuation lines, optionally preceded by a envelope header. The header block is terminated either by the end of the data or by a blank line. Following the header block is the body of the message (which may contain MIME-encoded subparts).</p> <p>Optional <em>headersonly</em> is as with the <a title="email.parser.Parser.parse" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a> method.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>headersonly</em> flag was added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="email.parser.Parser.parsestr"> <tt class="descname">parsestr</tt><big>(</big><em>text</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>headersonly</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.parser.Parser.parsestr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Similar to the <a title="email.parser.Parser.parse" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a> method, except it takes a string object instead of a file-like object. Calling this method on a string is exactly equivalent to wrapping <em>text</em> in a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></tt> instance first and calling <a title="email.parser.Parser.parse" class="reference internal" href="#email.parser.Parser.parse"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Optional <em>headersonly</em> is a flag specifying whether to stop parsing after reading the headers or not. The default is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, meaning it parses the entire contents of the file.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>headersonly</em> flag was added.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <p>Since creating a message object structure from a string or a file object is such a common task, two functions are provided as a convenience. They are available in the top-level <a title="Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents." class="reference external" href="email.html#module-email"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt></a> package namespace.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="email.message_from_string"> <tt class="descclassname">email.</tt><tt class="descname">message_from_string</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>_class</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message_from_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a message object structure from a string. This is exactly equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser().parsestr(s)</span></tt>. Optional <em>_class</em> and <em>strict</em> are interpreted as with the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class constructor.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="email.message_from_file"> <tt class="descclassname">email.</tt><tt class="descname">message_from_file</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>_class</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message_from_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a message object structure tree from an open file object. This is exactly equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser().parse(fp)</span></tt>. Optional <em>_class</em> and <em>strict</em> are interpreted as with the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class constructor.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2.2: </span>The <em>strict</em> flag was added.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Here’s an example of how you might use this at an interactive Python prompt:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">email</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">message_from_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myString</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="additional-notes"> <h2>18.1.2.3. Additional notes<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Here are some notes on the parsing semantics:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>Most non-<em>multipart</em> type messages are parsed as a single message object with a string payload. These objects will return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> for <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt>. Their <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> method will return a string object.</li> <li>All <em>multipart</em> type messages will be parsed as a container message object with a list of sub-message objects for their payload. The outer container message will return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> for <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> and their <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> method will return the list of <a title="email.message.Message" class="reference external" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> subparts.</li> <li>Most messages with a content type of <em>message/*</em> (e.g. <em>message/delivery-status</em> and <em>message/rfc822</em>) will also be parsed as container object containing a list payload of length 1. Their <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method will return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>. The single element in the list payload will be a sub-message object.</li> <li>Some non-standards compliant messages may not be internally consistent about their <em>multipart</em>-edness. Such messages may have a <em>Content-Type</em> header of type <em>multipart</em>, but their <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> method may return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. If such messages were parsed with the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt>, they will have an instance of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MultipartInvariantViolationDefect</span></tt> class in their <em>defects</em> attribute list. See <a title="The exception classes used by the email package." class="reference external" href="email.errors.html#module-email.errors"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></tt></a> for details.</li> </ul> <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p> <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>As of email package version 3.0, introduced in Python 2.4, the classic <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> was re-implemented in terms of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt>, so the semantics and results are identical between the two parsers.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference external" href="#">18.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Parsing email messages</a><ul> <li><a class="reference external" href="#feedparser-api">18.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li> <li><a class="reference external" href="#parser-class-api">18.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li> <li><a class="reference external" href="#additional-notes">18.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="email.message.html" title="previous chapter">18.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Representing an email message</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="email.generator.html" title="next chapter">18.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Generating MIME documents</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/email.parser.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" size="18" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../modindex.html" title="Global Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.generator.html" title="18.1.3. email: Generating MIME documents" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.message.html" title="18.1.1. email: Representing an email message" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="../index.html">Python v2.6.6 documentation</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="netdata.html" >18. 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