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          <th colspan="3" align="center">Using C Structures with DB</th>
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            <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="cstructs"></a>Using C Structures with DB</h2>
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      <p>
        Storing data in structures is a handy way to pack varied types of
        information into each database record. DB databases are sometimes
        thought of as a two column table where column 1 is the key and column 2 is
        the data. By using structures, you can effectively turn this table into
        <span class="emphasis"><em>n</em></span> columns where <span class="emphasis"><em>n-1</em></span> columns
        are contained in the structure.
    </p>
      <p>
       So long as a C structure contains fields that are not pointers, you can safely
       store and retrieve them in the same way as you would any primitive
       datatype.  The following code fragment illustrates this:
    </p>
      <a id="c_dbt6"></a>
      <pre class="programlisting">#include &lt;db.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;

typedef struct my_struct {
    int id;
    char familiar_name[MAXLINE]; /* Some suitably large value */
    char surname[MAXLINE];
} MY_STRUCT;

...

DBT key, data;
DB *my_database;
MY_STRUCT user;
char *fname = "David";
char *sname = "Rider";

/* Database open omitted for clarity */

user.id = 1;
strncpy(user.familiar_name, fname, strlen(fname)+1);
strncpy(user.surname, sname, strlen(sname)+1);

/* Zero out the DBTs before using them. */
memset(&amp;key, 0, sizeof(DBT));
memset(&amp;data, 0, sizeof(DBT));

key.data = &amp;(user.id);
key.size = sizeof(int);

data.data = &amp;user;
data.size = sizeof(MY_STRUCT);

my_database-&gt;put(my_database, NULL, &amp;key, &amp;data, DB_NOOVERWRITE);</pre>
      <p>
        To retrieve the structure, make sure you supply your own
        memory. The reason why is that like real numbers, some systems require
        structures to be aligned in a specific way. Because it is possible that
        the memory DB provides is not aligned properly, for safest result simply
        use your own memory:
    </p>
      <a id="c_dbt7"></a>
      <pre class="programlisting">#include &lt;db.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;

...

DBT key, data;
DB *my_database;
MY_STRUCT user;

/* Database open omitted for clarity */

/* Zero out the DBTs before using them. */
memset(&amp;key, 0, sizeof(DBT));
memset(&amp;data, 0, sizeof(DBT));

/* Initialize the structure */
memset(&amp;user, 0, sizeof(MY_STRUCT));
user.id = 1;

key.data = &amp;user.id;
key.size = sizeof(int);

/* Use our memory to retrieve the structure */
data.data = &amp;user;
data.ulen = sizeof(MY_STRUCT); 
data.flags = DB_DBT_USERMEM;

my_database-&gt;get(my_database, NULL, &amp;key, &amp;data, 0);

printf("Familiar name: %s\n", user.familiar_name);
printf("Surname: %s\n", user.surname); </pre>
      <p>
        Be aware that while this is the easiest way to manage structures stored
        in DB databases, this approach does suffer from causing your
        database to be larger than is strictly necessary. Each structure stored
        in the database is of a fixed size, and you do not see any space savings
        from storing a (for example) 5 character surname versus a 20 character
        surname. 
    </p>
      <p>
        For a simple example such as this, the padding stored with each record
        is probably not critical. However, if you are storing structures that
        contain a very large number of character arrays, or if you are simply
        storing millions of records, then you may want to avoid this approach.
        The wasted space in each record will only serve to make your databases
        larger than need be, which will in turn require a larger cache and more
        disk I/O than you would ordinarily need.
    </p>
      <p>
        An alternative approach is described next.
    </p>
      <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h3 class="title"><a id="cstructdynamic"></a>C Structures with Pointers</h3>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div></div>
        </div>
        <p>
        It is often necessary in C structures 
            
            
            to use fields 
            
            
        that are pointers to
        dynamically allocated memory. This is particularly
        true if you want to store character strings (or any kind of an array for
        that matter), and you want to avoid any overhead caused by
        pre-designating the size of the array. 
    </p>
        <p>
       When storing structures 
            
       like these you need to make sure that all of
       the data pointed to and contained by the structure 
       
            
       is lined up in a
       single contiguous block of memory.  Remember that DB stores data
       located at a specific address and of a particular size. If your structure
            
       includes fields 
            
       that are pointing to dynamically allocated memory, then
       the data that you want to store can be located in different, not
       necessarily contiguous, locations on the heap. 
    </p>
        <p>
        The easiest way to solve this problem is to pack your data
        into a single memory location and then store the data in that location.
        (This process is sometimes called <span class="emphasis"><em>marshalling the
        data</em></span>.)
        For example:
    </p>
        <a id="c_dbt8"></a>
        <pre class="programlisting">#include &lt;db.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

typedef struct my_struct {
    int id;
    char *familiar_name;
    char *surname;
} MY_STRUCT;

...

DBT key, data;
DB *my_database;
MY_STRUCT user;
int buffsize, bufflen;
char fname[ ] = "Pete";
char sname[10];
char *databuff;

strncpy(sname, "Oar", strlen("Oar")+1);

/* Database open omitted for clarity */

user.id = 1;
user.familiar_name = fname;
user.surname = sname;

/* Some of the structure's data is on the stack, and 
 * some is on the heap. To store this structure's data, we
 * need to marshall it -- pack it all into a single location 
 * in memory.
 */

/* Get the buffer */
buffsize = sizeof(int) + 
  (strlen(user.familiar_name) + strlen(user.surname) + 2);
databuff = malloc(buffsize);
memset(databuff, 0, buffsize);

/* copy everything to the buffer */
memcpy(databuff, &amp;(user.id), sizeof(int));
bufflen = sizeof(int);

memcpy(databuff + bufflen, user.familiar_name, 
  strlen(user.familiar_name) + 1);
bufflen += strlen(user.familiar_name) + 1;

memcpy(databuff + bufflen, user.surname, 
  strlen(user.surname) + 1);
bufflen += strlen(user.surname) + 1;

/* Now store it */

/* Zero out the DBTs before using them. */
memset(&amp;key, 0, sizeof(DBT));
memset(&amp;data, 0, sizeof(DBT));

key.data = &amp;(user.id);
key.size = sizeof(int);

data.data = databuff;
data.size = bufflen;

my_database-&gt;put(my_database, NULL, &amp;key, &amp;data, DB_NOOVERWRITE);
free(sname);
free(databuff);</pre>
        <p>
        To retrieve the stored structure:
    </p>
        <a id="c_dbt9"></a>
        <pre class="programlisting">#include &lt;db.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

typedef struct my_struct {
    char *familiar_name;
    char *surname;
    int id;
} MY_STRUCT;

...

int id;
DBT key, data;
DB *my_database;
MY_STRUCT user;
char *buffer;

/* Database open omitted for clarity */

/* Zero out the DBTs before using them. */
memset(&amp;key, 0, sizeof(DBT));
memset(&amp;data, 0, sizeof(DBT));

id = 1;
key.data = &amp;id;
key.size = sizeof(int);

my_database-&gt;get(my_database, NULL, &amp;key, &amp;data, 0);

/* 
 * Some compilers won't allow pointer arithmetic on void *'s,
 * so use a char * instead.
 */
buffer = data.data;

user.id = *((int *)data.data);
user.familiar_name = buffer + sizeof(int);
user.surname = buffer + sizeof(int) + strlen(user.familiar_name) + 1; </pre>
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